towards attacking enemy.
Naval warfare. Chukchi learned basic elements of seafaring from the Eskimos who were skilled in navigation. They used baydars as transport for the landing operations and not for the naval battle. There was no any difference between boat crew and passengers, both were soldiers. As well as in land warfare in naval expeditions Chukchi used natural conditions and time to make sudden attacks with small crew that helped to avoid undesirable losses. After the landing they began to operate as in usual land fight. In raid usually participated few baydars, however, exist record of large fleet of 100 baydars (the 18th century).
Religious realm of warfare. Making war man suffers from great psychological burden, Chukchi tried to reduce pressure with the help of narcotics. Probably, before fight they were eating flyagarics to reach light intoxication. Chukchi were not afraid of death, contrary they crave for it. This could be explained by their belief in afterlife and transmigration. This belief, however, did not exclude bearing of numerous amulets, which protected person from evil spirits. In the war was used special military magic: different kinds of spells, bedevil the enemy, sorcery in finding the right road or bringing fog or storm. Before fight Chukchi sacrificed some reindeer to the spirit of the area. In the 18th —beginning of the 19th century occurred human sacrifices, but in extraordinary situations.
Prisoners. Women and children were taken prisoners, as males including elders were annihilated. At the end of the 18th century coastal inhabitants had women slaves from Eskimos of Alaska who were captured in sea raids. These women married poor men or they were sold to the Reindeer Chukchi. For example, one slave for either twelve young female reindeer or ten female reindeer and two riding reindeer; children were even cheaper. Usually, there were just few slaves in kin group because of the ransom. Few days after the raid relatives were visiting victors and ransom prisoners. Sometimes there were cases when killer rendered his relative to the family of dead man, and who fulfil family needs instead of the killed. Chukchi did not yield themselves, they preferred to perish or commit suicide together with their families. Captured enemy was tortured. Probably, originally these tortures had a ritual nature but already in folklore they were explained by vengeance. Usually captured enemy leader was tortured because he was the one who was responsible for the damage and prejudice to Chukchi.
Примечания
1
Например, среди 216 текстов, собранных В. Г. Богоразом, лишь в 20 рассказывалось о войнах (Беликов 1956: 8, 14). В сборнике Е. С. Рубцовой (1954) из 45 эскимосских сказок лишь в одной (№ 16) рассказывается о набеге врагов и о военных действиях, в собрании же сиреникского фольклора Н Б. Бахтина (2000) лишь четыре сказки из 77 имеют батальные сюжеты. Создается впечатление, что чукотский фольклор более «воинствен», чем эскимосский, а в последнем больше батальных сюжетов в сибирских сказках, чем в аляскинских.
2
Как показали П. Швайтцер и Е. В. Головко (2001), на побережье Аляски память о набегах азиатов более свежа благодаря привязке исторических событий к ландшафту местности (ср.: Burch 1998: 127—28, 221—30).
3
К сожалению, более ранняя работа об американских доспехах осталась мне недоступной:
4
Поскольку переводы чукотских и эскимосских текстов сделаны крупнейшими специалистами- сибиреведами, хорошо ориентировавшимися в материале, а зачастую просившими рассказчика пояснить неясный пассаж, то данную работу я построил на принципе доверия к переводу, хотя отчетливо сознаю, что некоторые нюансы могли быть неверно истолкованы или поняты ими.
5
Из новейших же статей, написанных в духе апологии, см например Бушнев 1995.
6
Как отмечает И. С. Архинчеев (1957: 51), оптимальный размер табуна, удобного для выпаса, составлял 1500―1800 голов (ср.: Антропова 1957: 117), у коряков нормальный табун — около 2000 оленей (Берет™ 1929: 47).
7
Действительно, как заметил И. С. Архинчеев (1957: 67, 80), чукчи умели считать только до 400. Однако всех своих оленей они узнавали даже не по клейму на ухе, а «в лицо» (ср.: Георги 1777: 79 (о коряках)).
8
В Сирениках в двух полуземлянках жили по 250―400 человек в каждой (Арутюнов, Сергеев 1975: 112; Hughes 1984a: 251).
