4-6.

9. Mark Sauer, 'Believe the Children?' Times Union, August 29, 1993.

10. Toni Cavanagh Johnson, 'Child Perpetrators—Children Who Molest Other Children: Preliminary Findings,' Child Abuse and Neglect 12 (1988): 219-29.

11. Carolyn Cunningham and Kee MacFarlane, When Children Abuse (Brandon, Vt.: Safer Society Program, 1996), viii-ix.

12. David Gardetta, 'Facing the Monster: Teenage Sex Offenders in Treatment,' LA Weekly, January 13-19, 1995, 17.

13. Jeffrey Butts, 'Offenders in Juvenile Court, 1994,' Juvenile Justice Bulletin, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Washington, D.C., October 1996.

14. See, for instance, the literature of the Safer Society Program in Vermont.

15. Claudia Morain, 'When Children Molest Children,' American Medical Association News, January 3, 1994.

16. William N. Friedrich, 'Normative Sexual Behavior in Children,' Pediatrics 88, no. 3 (September 1991): 456-64.

17. Okami, ''Child Perpetrators of Sexual Abuse.''

18. Okami, ''Slippage' in Research of Child Sexual Abuse,' 565.

19. Toni Cavanagh Johnson, 'Behaviors Related to Sex and Sexuality in Preschool Children,' photocopied typescript, undated, S. Pasadena, Calif.

20. Johnson, 'Child Perpetrators,' 221.

21. National Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect, NCCAN Discretionary Grants FY 1991, award number 90CA1469.

22. A group of clinicians distributed the proposal at the Fourteenth Annual Conference of the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers (October 11-14, 1995), trying to win additional support.

23. The Third National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS-3) (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1997), 2-14.

24. See, e.g., Cunningham and MacFarlane, When Children Abuse, ix.

25. See, e.g., David Finkelhor, Child Sexual Abuse: New Theory and Research (New York: Free Press, 1984); L. M. Williams and David Finkelhor, 'The Characteristics of Incestuous Fathers,' in ed. W. Marshall, D. R. Laws, and H. Barbaree, The Handbook of Sexual Assault: Issues, Theories, and Treatment of the Offender (New York: Plenum Publishing, 1989).

26. Friedrich's 1992 comparison between sexually abused and non-abused children found that abused kids act out sexually with greater frequency than other kids do, but both groups do all the same sexual things. William N. Friedrich and Patricia Grambsch, 'Child Sexual Behavior Inventory: Normative and Clinical Comparison,' Psychological Assessment 4 (1992): 303-11; Robert D. Wells et al., 'Emotional, Behavioral, and Physical Symptoms Reported by Parents of Sexually Abused, Nonabused, and Allegedly Abused Prepubescent Females,' Child Abuse and Neglect 19 (1995): 155-62. J. A. Cohen and A. P. Mannarino, 'Psychological Symptoms in Sexually Abused Girls,' Child Abuse and Neglect 12 (1988): 571-77; R. J. Weinstein et al., 'Sexual and Aggressive Behavior in Girls Experiencing Child Abuse and Precocious Puberty,' paper presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans, 1989.

27. Many researchers have decried the lack of systematic collection of data and their paucity on this subject. Nevertheless, all the data there are support my statement, and none contradict it. See, e.g., Friedrich, 'Normative Sexual Behavior in Children'; William N. Friedrich et al., 'Normative Sexual Behavior in Children: A Contemporary Sample,' Pediatrics 101, no. 4 (April 1998), e9; William N. Friedrich, Theo G. M. Sandfort, Jacqueline Osstveen, and Peggy T. Cohen-Kettensis, 'Cultural Differences in Sexual Behavior: 2-6 Year Old Dutch and American Children,' Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality 12, nos. 1-2 (2000): 117-29; Allie C. Kilpatrick, Long-Range Effects of Child and Adolescent Sexual Experiences: Myths, Mores, Menaces (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1992); Sharon Lamb and Mary Coakley, ''Normal' Childhood Sexual Play and Games: Differentiating Play from Abuse,' Child Abuse and Neglect 17 (1993): 515-26; Floyd M. Martinson, The Sexual Life of Children (Westport, Conn.: Bergin and Garvey, 1994); Paul Okami, Richard Olmstead, and Paul R. Abramson, 'Sexual Experiences in Early Childhood: 18-Year Longitudinal Data for the UCLA Family Lifestyles Project,' Journal of Sex Research 34, no. 4 (1997): 339-47; Jany Rademakers, Marjoke Laan, and Cees J. Straver, 'Studying Children's Sexuality from the Child's Perspective,' Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality 12, nos. 1-2 (2000): 49-60; and sources at note 32.

28. Friedrich et al., 'Normative Sexual Behavior in Children' (1998).

29. Johnson, 'Behaviors Related to Sex and Sexuality in Preschool Children.'

30. J. Attenberry-Bennett, 'Child Sexual Abuse: Definitions and Interventions of Parents and Professionals,' Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Education, University of Virginia, 1987.

31. Okami, Olmstead, and Abramson, 'Sexual Experiences in Early Childhood.'

32. Evan Greenwald and Harold Leitenberg, 'Long-Term Effects of Sexual Experiences with Siblings and Nonsiblings during Childhood,' Archives of Sexual Behavior 18, no. 5 (1989): 389. Similar results were reported in Harold Leitenberg, Evan Greenwald, and Matthew J. Tarran, 'The Relation between Sexual Activity among Children during Preadolescence and/or Early Adolescence and Sexual Behavior and Sexual Adjustment in Young Adulthood,' Archives of Sexual Behavior 18, no. 4 (1989): 299 ff.

33. Martinson's informants related stories of intercourse, fellatio, and anal intercourse, as well as more 'childish' practices of looking and mutual masturbation.

34. Clellan S. Ford and Frank A. Beach, Patterns of Sexual Behavior (New York: Harper and Row, 1951), 197, 188.

35. Cunningham and MacFarlane, When Children Abuse, 28.

36. Theo Sandfort and Peggy Cohen-Kettensis, 'Parents' Reports about Children's Sexual Behaviors,' paper presented at the Twenty-first Annual Meeting of the International Academy of Sex Research, September 1995.

37. Friedrich et al., 'Normative Sexual Behavior in Children' (1998).

38. Okami, ''Slippage' in Research in Child Sexual Abuse.'

39. Lamb and Coakley, ''Normal' Childhood Sexual Play and Games.' This finding, it should be noted, troubled the authors.

40. Martha Shirk, 'Emotional Growth Programs 'Save' Teens, Stir Fears,' Youth Today 8 (May 1999); Martha Shirk, 'Kid Help or Kidnapping?' Youth Today 8 (June 1999).

41. Contract between offenders and parents and Sexual Treatment and Education Program and Services (STEPS), 2555 Camino Del Rio South, Ste. 101, San Diego, Calif. (last revised September 19, 1994).

42. Practices at STEPS may have changed, but, considering the literature on children who molest that has come out since, I have no reason to believe it has.

43. U.S. District Court (Vermont), Civil Action No. 2: 93-CV-383: Robert Goldstein et al. v. Howard Dean et al.

44. Testimony of Dr. Fred Berlin in Goldstein et al. v. Dean et al.

45. NCCAN Discretionary Grants, FY 1991, award no. 90CA1470.

46. Other research also strongly interrogates, and condemns, sex-specific treatment for young violent sex offenders as well. One study compared boys who had committed exceedingly brutal sex crimes with other young violent offenders and found that both groups had survived childhoods afflicted by severe violence but not by sexual abuse and that the two groups exhibited identical psychiatric and neurological disorders, including depression, auditory hallucinations, paranoia, and often 'grossly abnormal EEGs' or epilepsy. 'The assumption that sexually assaultive offenders differ neuropsychiatrically from other kinds of violent offenders, which has led to the establishment of specific programs for sex offenders,' the researchers concluded, 'must ... be questioned in the light of our data.' Dorothy Otnow Lewis, Shelley S. Shankok, and Jonathan H. Pincus, 'Juvenile Male Sexual Assaulters,'