Простой вексель; переводной вексель; оплата по предъявлении; подлежит оплате по приказу; коносамент; акцептированная банковская тратта; обеспеченный вексель; обыкновенный вексель; облигации на предъявителя; депозитный сертификат; банковский чек; банковский индоссамент; передаточная надпись; условие о сокращении срока исполнения обязательства; форма подписи; подпись торгового агента; безусловное обещание; определенная сумма; точно определенный срок.

Права по ценной бумаге передаются вручением данной ценной бумаги (если она является бумагой на предъявителя), в порядке цессии (если бумага именная), путем совершения индоссамента (в случае ордерной ценной бумаги) (глава 7 ГК РФ).

Commercial paper that does not meet all of the requirements of negotiability cannot be negotiated. It can only be transferred by assignment, which is governed by the ordinary principles of contract law. People who receive instruments by assignment are not given the special protection provided those who receive instruments by negotiation.

An assignment is the transfer of a contract right from one person to another. Commercial paper is assigned either when a person whose endorsement is required on an instrument transfers it without indorsing it or when it is transferred to another person and does not meet the requirements of negotiability. In all such transfers, the transferee has only the rights of an assignee and is subject to all defenses existing against the assignor.

An assignment of commercial paper also occurs by operation of law when the holder of an instrument dies or becomes bankrupt. In such cases, title to the instrument vests in the personal representative of the estate or the trustee in bankruptcy.

Negotiation is the transfer of an instrument in such form that the transferee becomes a holder. A holder is a person who is in possession of an instrument issued or indorsed to that person, to that person's order, to bearer, or in blank.

If an instrument is payable to order, such as «pay to the order of,» it is known as order paper. To be negotiated, order paper must be indorsed by the payee and delivered to the party to whom it is transferred. If an instrument is payable to bearer or cash, it is called bearer paper and may be negotiated by delivery alone, without an endorsement. When order paper is indorsed with a blank endorsement (defined as follows), it is turned into bearer paper and may be further negotiated by delivery alone.

An instrument is indorsed when the holder signs it, thereby indicating the intent to transfer ownership to another. Endorsements may be written in ink, typewritten, or stamped with a rubber stamp. They may be written on a separate paper (rider, or allonge) as long as the separate paper is so firmly affixed to the instrument that it becomes part of it. For convenience purposes endorsements are usually placed on the back of the instrument.

Anyone who gives value for an instrument has the right to have the unqualified endorsement of the person who transferred it unless it is payable to bearer.

The back of a check is divided into specific sections designed to protect the endorsement of the depository bank (the bank of first deposit). The first one-and-one-half inches from the trailing edge of the check is reserved for the payee's endorsement. Subsequent banks that handle the check after the depository bank should limit their endorsements to the three-inch space beginning at the opposite end (leading edge) of the check. The section between the payee's endorsement section and the subsequent banks' endorsement section must be reserved for the depository bank's endorsement. In addition, purple ink can be used only by the depository bank.

There are four commonly used types of endorsements: blank endorsements, special endorsements, restrictive endorsements, and qualified endorsements.

A blank endorsement consists of the signature alone written on the instrument. No particular endorsee (person to whom an instrument is indorsed) is named. When an instrument is indorsed in blank, it becomes payable to bearer and may be transferred by delivery alone. If the instrument is lost or stolen and gets into the hands of another holder, the new holder can recover its face value by delivery alone. For this reason, a blank endorsement should be used only in limited situations, such as at a bank teller's window.

When an instrument is made payable to a person under a misspelled name or a name other than that person's own, the payee may indorse in the incorrect name, in the correct name, or in both. Signatures in both names may be required by a person paying or giving value for the instrument.

A special endorsement (also called an endorsement in full) is made by writing the words pay to the order of or pay to followed by the name of the person to whom it is to be transferred (the endorsee) and the signature of the endorser. When indorsed in this manner, the instrument remains an order instrument and must be indorsed by the endorsee before it can be further negotiated.

The holder of an instrument may convert a blank endorsement into a special endorsement by writing the same words (pay to the order of or pay to) over the endorser's signature.

A restrictive endorsement limits the rights of the endorsee in some manner in order to protect the rights of the endorser. An endorsement is restrictive if it is conditional, purports to prohibit further transfer of the instrument, includes the words for collection, for deposit, pay any bank, or